MONEY

1. General glossary

                       

1. investment statement (phr.) – инвестиционен отчет

2. cope with (v.) – справям се с

3. outperform (v.) – превъзхождам в представянето

4. return (n.) – възвръщане, данъчна декларация

5. rebound (v.) – отскачам, рикоширам

CRIME

1. General glossary

                       

1. condemn (v.) – осъждам

2. suburban home (phr.) – крайградски дом

3. strangle (v.) – задушавам, удушавам

4. douse (v.) – потапям, цопвам

5. gasoline (n.) – бензин

SPORT

1. General glossary

                                            

1. hurdler (n.) – бегач

2. bounce (v.) – изскачам, отскачам

3. claim (v.) – претендирам, поисквам

4. limp out (v.) - накуцвам 

5. injury (n.) – нараняване, травма

6. teammate (n.) – съотборник, работник от същата бригада

FOOD

1. General glossary

1. mocha pot (n.) – кафе машина (coffee maker)

2. warm (v.) – затоплям

3. stove (n.) – готварска печка

4. give up (phr. v.) – отстъпвам, предавам, отказвам се

5. for Christ’s sake (phr.) – за бога

MEDICINE

1. General glossary

1. abdominal pain (phr.) – болка в корема

2.unaware (adj.) – който не знае, не чувства, не забелязва

3. abdomen (n.) – корем, коремна област

4. intestine (n.) - черво  

5. bowel (adj.) – чревен

ENVIRONMENT

1. General glossary

1. permafrost (n.) – вечен лед (замръзналост)

2. thaw (n.) – размразяване, топене; v. топя, разтопявам

3. bluff (n.) – отвесна скала, заблуждаване, блъф

4. sketch out (v.) – скицирам

5. debris (n.) – отломки, остатъци

6. glacier (n.) – ледник, глетчер

HOUSING

1. General glossary

1. faced with (phr.) – изправен пред

2. whole house (phr.) – цялата къща

3. new look (phr.) – нов изглед

4. decorator (n.) – декоратор, бояджия

5. crucial decision making (phr.) – вземане на решаващо решение

SEMANTICS AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS

1. The subject of semantics and other fields of linguistics. Semantics as a branch of Linguistics

A. The subject of semantics and other fields of linguistics

Semantics (from Ancient Greek:  sēmantikós, "significant") is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relationship between signifiers—like words, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what they stand for, their denotation.

LANGUAGE AND COGNITION

1. The sign character of language. Language and cognition

In linguistic terms, sign languages are as rich and complex as any spoken language, despite the common misconception that they are not "real languages". Professional linguists have studied many sign languages and found that they exhibit the fundamental properties that exist in all languages.

THE LINGUISTIC SIGN

1. The linguistic sign

Any unit of language (morpheme, word, phrase, or sentence) used to designate objects or phenomena of reality. Linguistic signs are bilateral; they consist of a signifier, made up of speech sounds (more precisely, phonemes), and a signified, created by the linguistic sign’s sense content. The relationship between the aspects of a sign is an arbitrary one, since the selection of a sound form does not usually depend on the properties of the designated object. The peculiarity of the linguistic sign is its asymmetricality, that is, the capacity of one signifier to convey various meanings (polysemy or homonymy) and the tendency of the signified to be expressed by various signifiers (heterophony or homosemy). The asymmetry of the structure of the linguistic sign determines the language’s capacity for development.

MEANING IN NATURAL LANGUAGE

1. Meaning in natural language

A. Definition of natural language - in neuropsychology, linguistics and the philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation. Natural languages can take different forums, such as speech, signing, or writing. They are distinguished from constructed and formal languages such as those used to program computers or to study logic

LEXICAL RELATIONS

1. Lexical relations

Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics), is a subfield of linguisticsemantics. The units of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only words but also sub-words or sub-units such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. Lexical units make up the catalogue of words in a language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics looks at how the meaning of the lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax. This is referred to as syntax-semantic interface.

SYNONYMY

1. General characeristics of synonymy

A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from Ancient Greeksyn (σύν) ("with") and onoma (ὄνομα) ("name"). 

ANTONYMY

1. General characteristics of Antonymy

Antonymy is exemplified by such pairs as long-short, fast –slow, easy-difficult, good-bad, hot-cold.

Antonyms have the following characteristics:

(1) They are fully gradable (most are adjectives, a few are verbs).

(2) Members of a pair denote degrees of some variable property such as length, speed, weight, accuracy, etc.

SEMANTIC CHANGES

1. Semantic changes

SET EXPRESSIONS

1. Set expressions

Causes for Semantic Changes

The English Word by Arnold

Linguistic and extralinguistic causes

Meaning of words are relatively stable. If they changed too often, communication would be impossible. Semantic changes are slow and we speak of semantic change form a diachronic point of view. But semantic changes are initiated in context, on the synchronic level. On the synchronic level we speak of deviation of meaning only.

WORD FORMATION

1. Word formation

ETYMOLOGICAL SOURCES OF MODERN ENGLISH

1. Etymological sources of modern English

English has one of the largest vocabularies of all spoken languages – 800 000 words. The vocabulary of ModE is 13 times the vocabulary of OE.

LOAN WORDS

1. Loan words